Industrial fuel oil serves a vital function in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is widely used to create power for industrial operations, spanning from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The qualities of industrial fuel oil enable it a effective choice for these demanding applications.

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then d